Point measure correlation2/2/2024 The solution for these problems is to use different and specific test forms for each academic grade with equated scores. Moreover, the results can be influenced by extreme floor or ceiling effects in lower and upper grades, respectively ( Santos et al., 2016b). The use of the same test across a wide range of academic grades is problematic due to the learning effects and reactivity effects of the measures. However, when the goal is to compare the achievement of the same student across different time points (intra-individual differences), the administration of the same test at different educational levels has several disadvantages. Reading and listening comprehension tests developed to assess specific age or grade level groups are useful tools to compare inter-individual differences (i.e., to compare a student’s performance with a normative group). The overall aim of this paper is to describe the development and validation of two vertically scaled forms of a reading comprehension and a listening comprehension test for Portuguese students in the fifth and sixth grades. For this purpose, the use of standardized measures with robust psychometric qualities is essential ( Salvia et al., 2010). The assessment of these skills allows us to identify at-risk readers, to support the development of intervention and teaching programs, and to monitor the students’ progress in these areas over time ( Santos et al., 2016b). The processes necessary to extract meaning from written or oral language are generally similar: integration of information, making inferences, association of what one reads/hears with one’s previous knowledge, and construction of the meaning of the material ( Perfetti et al., 2005 Cain and Oakhill, 2008). The product of listening and reading comprehension is an integrated mental representation of the meaning of a text ( Oakhill et al., 2019). The developed test forms are an important contribution in the Portuguese educational context as they allow for the assessment of students’ performance in these skills across multiple time points and can be used both in research and practice. The data from both studies provided evidence for good psychometric characteristics for the test forms: unidimensionality and local independence, as well as adequate reliability and evidence of validity. The samples included 454 and 179 students for the first and second study, respectively. The purpose of the second study was to collect evidence for the validity of these tests based on the relationships of test scores with other variables. The purpose of the first study was to develop tests of reading and listening comprehension in European Portuguese, with vertically scaled test forms for students in the fifth and sixth grades, using Rasch model analyses. Two studies were conducted to achieve these goals. Moreover, measures which include specific test forms for different academic grade levels, that are vertically equated, allow the direct comparison of results across multiple time points and avoid floor and ceiling effects. 3School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, PortugalĪn efficient assessment of reading and linguistic abilities in school children requires reliable and valid measures.2Research Centre on Child Studies, Institute of Education, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.1Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.2002, Vol.Bruna Rodrigues 1*, Irene Cadime 1, Fernanda Leopoldina Viana 2 and Iolanda Ribeiro 3 Is distributed as Mann–Whitney U with sample sizes n 1 and n 0 when the null hypothesis is true. If we divide the data set into two groups, group 1 which received the value "1" on Y and group 2 which received the value "0" on Y, then the point-biserial correlation coefficient is calculated as follows: To calculate r pb, assume that the dichotomous variable Y has the two values 0 and 1. This can be shown by assigning two distinct numerical values to the dichotomous variable. The point-biserial correlation is mathematically equivalent to the Pearson (product moment) correlation that is, if we have one continuously measured variable X and a dichotomous variable Y, r XY = r pb. If this is the case, a biserial correlation would be the more appropriate calculation. When a new variable is artificially dichotomized the new dichotomous variable may be conceptualized as having an underlying continuity. In most situations it is not advisable to dichotomize variables artificially. Y) is dichotomous Y can either be "naturally" dichotomous, like whether a coin lands heads or tails, or an artificially dichotomized variable. ![]() The point biserial correlation coefficient ( r pb) is a correlation coefficient used when one variable (e.g.
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MacUpdate is the most complete resource to find and download free software for Mac OS X, iPhone, and iPad. I installed Xubuntu and transmission daemon, set the download path to my home/user/TV shows, and get a permission denied when trying to download torrents. You can get it from “About GoFlex Home” on the main application Official versions of Putty are available on Unix-like platforms, and now its widely available for Mac systems running OS X 10.11 or later. ![]() $ ssh – User account on the Seagate GoFlex Home NAS It is very convenient to have torrent client running on NAS so that we need not have laptop powered on the whole night to do larger downloads. Seagate GoFlex Home NAS has torrent client called Transmission inbuilt but not enabled by default. 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This is why many encoders now support quality based encoding rather than bitrate based encoding. ![]() Real world video requires more bitrate than cartoons. More motion/action (anything that causes pixels to change from one frame to the next) requires more bitrate. Regarding quality, different videos require different bitrates to retain quality. Regarding other filtering you may have used, some filters are fast some are slow. Assuming you used the same encoder in MeGUI and Handbrake (x264?) the h.264 encoding itself will run at the same speed when using the same settings (maybe minor variations depending on the exact version used) and would deliver the same quality (given the same source/filtering). Different encoders run at different speeds and some compress better than others. Without samples and settings it's difficult to speculate why you were seeing those differences. This is when I completely moved away from vidcoder/handbrake. I had to bump up bitrate in vidcoder/handbrake to even remotely getting it close the quality (pixelation) of what MeGUI churned out. If MeGUI was using additional filter in its default setting, wouldn't it have taken longer to encode (compared to vidcoder/handbrake) if "filters" adds to the encode time? Not really that important anymore as I'm moving onto Avisynth/AVSPmod (I think MeGUI also uses Avisynth), but it's been on my mind as to why a lower bitrate with MeGUI resulted in a better picture quality, and faster might I add. I don't believe I even touched any of the advanced settings. My test a couple months ago was only changing the bitrate. At roughly those specifications above, I was able to get rid of most of the pixelation, but there was still some faint pixelation with Vidcoder/Handbrake. ![]() I know that doesn't give anyone much information to go on, but there was one particular scene that had ridiculous amount of pixelation. Vidcoder/Handbrake ~800bitrate default setting only changing to veryslow encoding) file size 175mb MeGUI 600k bitrate default setting only changing to veryslow encoding) file size 115 mb Plus, additional filters or advanced setting manipulation adds to encode time, what could be the reason why MeGUI was able to compress a video to a smaller file size with a better quality (less pixelation artifacts) compared to vidcoder/handbrake at default setting for all three.Įxample: (This is off the top of my head and about a month back, so I'm probably not going to remember all the nitty gritty details.) Out of curiosity (may or may not help the original poster), but if bitrate x duration = file size. Compare your current x264 settings to settings from your older encodings. Use MediaInfo in full text mode to see the encoding metadata that x264 and x265 include in the file. AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |